References

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References follow the American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style (11th Ed, 2020). This was created by editors of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and specifies writing and citation styles for scholarly works in medicine.

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Free online citation generators can help authors automatically generate citations in the AMA format, including:

• www.citethisforme.com

• www.bibguru.com

• www.mybib.com

• www.edubirdie.com

• www.papersowl.com

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Authors are responsible for the accuracy of references. All references must be cited in the text. Always consult the primary source and never cite a reference you have not read. Please cite only essential references.

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References should be numbered in the order they are cited in the manuscript.

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Reference formatting:

• Authors: List their last names and the initials of their first and middle names. Separate author names with commas. Do not use periods between initials. If there are one to six authors, list all authors. If there are seven or more authors, list the first three and then abbreviate with et al.  

• Editors: Follow the same rules as authors for formatting and determining how many editors to list. After the list of editor names, include "ed." (if one editor) or "eds." (for two or more).  

• References without Authors or Editors: begin the citation with the title of the item.  

• Title: List full article/chapter title. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word, acronyms, and any proper nouns.

• Abbreviate journal names using National Library of Medicine Abbreviations.  

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Journal articles:

• Author Last Name First Initial Middle Initial. Title of article. Accepted Abbreviation of Journal Title Year; Volume: Inclusive Page Numbers. doi. (if available)

• In listed references, the names of all authors should be given unless there are more than 6, in which case the names of the first 3 authors are used, followed by “et al.”.

  • Examples:

    • Morris JL, Kraus DM. New antiretroviral therapies for pediatric HIV infection. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther  2005;10:215-247.

    • Overholser BR, Kays MB, Forrest A, et al. Sex-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:1012-1022.

    • Roumie CL, Zillich AJ, Bravata DM, et al. Hypertension treatment intensification among stroke survivors with uncontrolled blood pressure. Stroke 2015;46:465-470. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007566.

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Internet sites:

• Authors (if indicated). Organization responsible for the site. Title of page or document. Available at: URL. Accessed Month day, year.

  • Examples:

    • Food and Drug Administration.  MedWatch.  Available at:  http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/index.html.  Accessed June 13, 2007.

    • American Diabetes Association.  Gestational diabetes.  Available at:  http://www.diabetes.org/gestational-diabetes.jsp. Accessed June 13, 2007.

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Books:

• Editor’s Last Name First Initial Middle Initial followed by “eds”. Title of Book. Edition number. City of publication, State Abbreviation: Name of Publisher; Year.

  • Example:

    • Tisdale JE, Miller DA, eds. Drug-Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection and Management. 1st ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2005.

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Book Chapter:

• Chapter Author Last Name First Initial Middle Initial. Title of chapter. In: Name of Book. Edition Number. Editors Last Name First Initial Middle Initial, eds. City of publication, State Abbreviation: Name of Publisher; Year.

  • Examples:

    • Calis KA, Sheehan AH. Formulating effective responses and recommendations:  A structured approach. In: Drug Information: A guide for pharmacists. 4th ed. Malone PM, Kier KL, Stanovich JE, eds. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012.

    • ​​Scott SA. The prescription. In: Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21st Edition. Beringer P, Gupta PK, DerMarderosian A, et al., eds. Philadelphia PA: The University of the Sciences in Philadelphia; 2005.

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Other:

• Personal Communication Example – written as statements within the text, including email and listserv messages; permission should be obtained from the author: In a conversation with A. H. Sheehan, PharmD (August 2007)…

• Government Agency Publication Example
  US Department of Health and Human Services. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service, 1998.

• Poster Presentation Example
  Schellhase EM, Abel SA, Carlstedt BC. An interdisciplinary collaboration: the development of a pharmacology course for a doctor of physical therapy program. Presented at: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Annual Meeting; June 2, 2003; San Diego, CA.

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Citations in the text of your manuscript:

• Citations are to be included for any information quoted or paraphrased from a source.

• All citations should be marked in consecutive numerical order by means of superscript Arabic numerals.

• Place the number directly after the fact, idea, or quotation that is being cited.

• If a reference is used multiple times in one document, use the same number throughout the document.  

• Use superscript numerals outside periods and commas, and inside colons and semicolons. Example: The derived data were as follows3,4 :

• Use commas (without space) to separate multiple citation numbers in the text, but use a hyphen if you are citing consecutive citation numbers. Example: As reported previously,1,3-8,19

• References should be numbered according to the citation order in the text.

• If the reference has 2 authors, use both their last names. If the reference has more than 2 authors, use the first author’s last name followed by “et al” (Latin phrase meaning “the others”).  Examples: Smith1 reported…; Smith and Johnson2 reported… Smith et al3 reported…

• Unpublished works and personal communications should not be included in the reference list but may be included in the text by enclosing it within parentheses.

• Avoid placing a superscript reference citation immediately after a number or a unit of measure. Example: The two largest studies to date included 35 patients2 and 40 patients.3

• If you are using a figure/table from another source, cite it after the legend/title.  Example: Figure 1. Structure of salbutamol.7

• If you use a direct quotation from another work, you should enclose the quotation within quotation marks.  Example: The engineer announced that “the house was built on solid ground."38

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Tables and Charts:

• This should be created in Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Word (using "Insert Table").

• Tables must be editable; tables not editable will be returned.

• Each table should be submitted separately, with the table legend in the first row of the table.

• Do not include the table legend at the end of the manuscript.  All tables should be cited in the text sequentially (They should be inserted in brackets: [Figure 1 and 2] [Figure 1; Table 2].

• Abbreviations used in tables must be addressed scientifically. Instructions are the same for charts.

• Literature review tables should be listed from the left side, starting with the first author's last name, et al., and the publication date. References listed in a literature review table must also be addressed in the Reference section of the manuscript.

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Figures:

• Figures and images of the radiologic studies should be reproduced in their best quality. Authors are responsible for providing high-resolution images. If images do not meet our requirements, we will return them and ask for higher quality.

• File Requirements: Acceptable format is JPEG/PNG with a minimum of 300 dpi. Submit each figure separately and name it correctly (i.e., Figure1.jpg). For figures containing more than one part, use letters.

• Charge for Printing Color Figures: The journal's current policy requires no charge to include black and white or color figures in the print version of the paper.

• Photographs and Graphs: Remove all information that reveals the identity of study participants. If there is a potential risk of identification, the participant must be informed and sign the patient consent form (link to patient consent form). Y and x-axis of the graphs should be addressed.

• Previously published figures and tables: Authors must ask for signed permission from the copyright owner to reproduce the figure or table if they have already been published in another journal before.

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